(x, stats) = bilq(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                  c::AbstractVector{FC}=b, transfer_to_bicg::Bool=true,
                  M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false, atol::T=√eps(T),
                  rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0, timemax::Float64=Inf,
                  verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                  callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = bilq(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

BiLQ can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the square linear system Ax = b of size n using BiLQ. BiLQ is based on the Lanczos biorthogonalization process and requires two initial vectors b and c. The relation bᴴc ≠ 0 must be satisfied and by default c = b. When A is Hermitian and b = c, BiLQ is equivalent to SYMMLQ. BiLQ requires support for adjoint(M) and adjoint(N) if preconditioners are provided.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• c: the second initial vector of length n required by the Lanczos biorthogonalization process;
• transfer_to_bicg: transfer from the BiLQ point to the BiCG point, when it exists. The transfer is based on the residual norm;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

References

• A. Montoison and D. Orban, BiLQ: An Iterative Method for Nonsymmetric Linear Systems with a Quasi-Minimum Error Property, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 41(3), pp. 1145–1166, 2020.
• R. Fletcher, Conjugate gradient methods for indefinite systems, Numerical Analysis, Springer, pp. 73–89, 1976.

solver = bilq!(solver::BilqSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = bilq!(solver::BilqSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of bilq.

See BilqSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = qmr(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                 c::AbstractVector{FC}=b, M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false, atol::T=√eps(T),
                 rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0, timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0,
                 history::Bool=false, callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = qmr(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

QMR can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the square linear system Ax = b of size n using QMR.

QMR is based on the Lanczos biorthogonalization process and requires two initial vectors b and c. The relation bᴴc ≠ 0 must be satisfied and by default c = b. When A is Hermitian and b = c, QMR is equivalent to MINRES. QMR requires support for adjoint(M) and adjoint(N) if preconditioners are provided.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• c: the second initial vector of length n required by the Lanczos biorthogonalization process;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

References

• R. W. Freund and N. M. Nachtigal, QMR : a quasi-minimal residual method for non-Hermitian linear systems, Numerische mathematik, Vol. 60(1), pp. 315–339, 1991.
• R. W. Freund and N. M. Nachtigal, An implementation of the QMR method based on coupled two-term recurrences, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 15(2), pp. 313–337, 1994.
• A. Montoison and D. Orban, BiLQ: An Iterative Method for Nonsymmetric Linear Systems with a Quasi-Minimum Error Property, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 41(3), pp. 1145–1166, 2020.

solver = qmr!(solver::QmrSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = qmr!(solver::QmrSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of qmr.

See QmrSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = cgs(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                 c::AbstractVector{FC}=b, M=I, N=I,
                 ldiv::Bool=false, atol::T=√eps(T),
                 rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                 timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                 callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = cgs(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

CGS can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the consistent linear system Ax = b of size n using CGS. CGS requires two initial vectors b and c. The relation bᴴc ≠ 0 must be satisfied and by default c = b.

From "Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems (Y. Saad)" :

«The method is based on a polynomial variant of the conjugate gradients algorithm. Although related to the so-called bi-conjugate gradients (BCG) algorithm, it does not involve adjoint matrix-vector multiplications, and the expected convergence rate is about twice that of the BCG algorithm.

The Conjugate Gradient Squared algorithm works quite well in many cases. However, one difficulty is that, since the polynomials are squared, rounding errors tend to be more damaging than in the standard BCG algorithm. In particular, very high variations of the residual vectors often cause the residual norms computed to become inaccurate.

TFQMR and BICGSTAB were developed to remedy this difficulty.»

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• c: the second initial vector of length n required by the Lanczos biorthogonalization process;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

Reference

• P. Sonneveld, CGS, A Fast Lanczos-Type Solver for Nonsymmetric Linear systems, SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 10(1), pp. 36–52, 1989.

solver = cgs!(solver::CgsSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = cgs!(solver::CgsSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of cgs.

See CgsSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = bicgstab(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                      c::AbstractVector{FC}=b, M=I, N=I,
                      ldiv::Bool=false, atol::T=√eps(T),
                      rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                      timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                      callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = bicgstab(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

BICGSTAB can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the square linear system Ax = b of size n using BICGSTAB. BICGSTAB requires two initial vectors b and c. The relation bᴴc ≠ 0 must be satisfied and by default c = b.

The Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized method is a variant of BiCG, like CGS, but using different updates for the Aᴴ-sequence in order to obtain smoother convergence than CGS.

If BICGSTAB stagnates, we recommend DQGMRES and BiLQ as alternative methods for unsymmetric square systems.

BICGSTAB stops when itmax iterations are reached or when ‖rₖ‖ ≤ atol + ‖b‖ * rtol.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• c: the second initial vector of length n required by the Lanczos biorthogonalization process;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

References

• H. A. van der Vorst, Bi-CGSTAB: A fast and smoothly converging variant of Bi-CG for the solution of nonsymmetric linear systems, SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 13(2), pp. 631–644, 1992.
• G. L.G. Sleijpen and D. R. Fokkema, BiCGstab(ℓ) for linear equations involving unsymmetric matrices with complex spectrum, Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis, 1, pp. 11–32, 1993.

solver = bicgstab!(solver::BicgstabSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = bicgstab!(solver::BicgstabSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of bicgstab.

See BicgstabSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = diom(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                  memory::Int=20, M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false,
                  reorthogonalization::Bool=false, atol::T=√eps(T),
                  rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                  timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                  callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = diom(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

DIOM can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the consistent linear system Ax = b of size n using DIOM.

DIOM only orthogonalizes the new vectors of the Krylov basis against the memory most recent vectors. If CG is well defined on Ax = b and memory = 2, DIOM is theoretically equivalent to CG. If k ≤ memory where k is the number of iterations, DIOM is theoretically equivalent to FOM. Otherwise, DIOM interpolates between CG and FOM and is similar to CG with partial reorthogonalization.

An advantage of DIOM is that non-Hermitian or Hermitian indefinite or both non-Hermitian and indefinite systems of linear equations can be handled by this single algorithm.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• memory: the number of most recent vectors of the Krylov basis against which to orthogonalize a new vector;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• reorthogonalization: reorthogonalize the new vectors of the Krylov basis against the memory most recent vectors;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

Reference

• Y. Saad, Practical use of some krylov subspace methods for solving indefinite and nonsymmetric linear systems, SIAM journal on scientific and statistical computing, 5(1), pp. 203–228, 1984.

solver = diom!(solver::DiomSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = diom!(solver::DiomSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of diom.

Note that the memory keyword argument is the only exception. It's required to create a DiomSolver and can't be changed later.

See DiomSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = fom(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                 memory::Int=20, M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false,
                 restart::Bool=false, reorthogonalization::Bool=false,
                 atol::T=√eps(T), rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                 timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                 callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = fom(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

FOM can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the linear system Ax = b of size n using FOM.

FOM algorithm is based on the Arnoldi process and a Galerkin condition.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• memory: if restart = true, the restarted version FOM(k) is used with k = memory. If restart = false, the parameter memory should be used as a hint of the number of iterations to limit dynamic memory allocations. Additional storage will be allocated if the number of iterations exceeds memory;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• restart: restart the method after memory iterations;
• reorthogonalization: reorthogonalize the new vectors of the Krylov basis against all previous vectors;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

Reference

• Y. Saad, Krylov subspace methods for solving unsymmetric linear systems, Mathematics of computation, Vol. 37(155), pp. 105–126, 1981.

solver = fom!(solver::FomSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = fom!(solver::FomSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of fom.

Note that the memory keyword argument is the only exception. It's required to create a FomSolver and can't be changed later.

See FomSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = dqgmres(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                     memory::Int=20, M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false,
                     reorthogonalization::Bool=false, atol::T=√eps(T),
                     rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                     timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                     callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = dqgmres(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

DQGMRES can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the consistent linear system Ax = b of size n using DQGMRES.

DQGMRES algorithm is based on the incomplete Arnoldi orthogonalization process and computes a sequence of approximate solutions with the quasi-minimal residual property.

DQGMRES only orthogonalizes the new vectors of the Krylov basis against the memory most recent vectors. If MINRES is well defined on Ax = b and memory = 2, DQGMRES is theoretically equivalent to MINRES. If k ≤ memory where k is the number of iterations, DQGMRES is theoretically equivalent to GMRES. Otherwise, DQGMRES interpolates between MINRES and GMRES and is similar to MINRES with partial reorthogonalization.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• memory: the number of most recent vectors of the Krylov basis against which to orthogonalize a new vector;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• reorthogonalization: reorthogonalize the new vectors of the Krylov basis against the memory most recent vectors;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

Reference

• Y. Saad and K. Wu, DQGMRES: a quasi minimal residual algorithm based on incomplete orthogonalization, Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, Vol. 3(4), pp. 329–343, 1996.

solver = dqgmres!(solver::DqgmresSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = dqgmres!(solver::DqgmresSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of dqgmres.

Note that the memory keyword argument is the only exception. It's required to create a DqgmresSolver and can't be changed later.

See DqgmresSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = gmres(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                   memory::Int=20, M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false,
                   restart::Bool=false, reorthogonalization::Bool=false,
                   atol::T=√eps(T), rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                   timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                   callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = gmres(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

GMRES can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the linear system Ax = b of size n using GMRES.

GMRES algorithm is based on the Arnoldi process and computes a sequence of approximate solutions with the minimum residual.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• memory: if restart = true, the restarted version GMRES(k) is used with k = memory. If restart = false, the parameter memory should be used as a hint of the number of iterations to limit dynamic memory allocations. Additional storage will be allocated if the number of iterations exceeds memory;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• restart: restart the method after memory iterations;
• reorthogonalization: reorthogonalize the new vectors of the Krylov basis against all previous vectors;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

Reference

• Y. Saad and M. H. Schultz, GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm for Solving Nonsymmetric Linear Systems, SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, Vol. 7(3), pp. 856–869, 1986.

solver = gmres!(solver::GmresSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = gmres!(solver::GmresSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of gmres.

Note that the memory keyword argument is the only exception. It's required to create a GmresSolver and can't be changed later.

See GmresSolver for more details about the solver.

(x, stats) = fgmres(A, b::AbstractVector{FC};
                    memory::Int=20, M=I, N=I, ldiv::Bool=false,
                    restart::Bool=false, reorthogonalization::Bool=false,
                    atol::T=√eps(T), rtol::T=√eps(T), itmax::Int=0,
                    timemax::Float64=Inf, verbose::Int=0, history::Bool=false,
                    callback=solver->false, iostream::IO=kstdout)

T is an AbstractFloat such as Float32, Float64 or BigFloat. FC is T or Complex{T}.

(x, stats) = fgmres(A, b, x0::AbstractVector; kwargs...)

FGMRES can be warm-started from an initial guess x0 where kwargs are the same keyword arguments as above.

Solve the linear system Ax = b of size n using FGMRES.

FGMRES computes a sequence of approximate solutions with minimum residual. FGMRES is a variant of GMRES that allows changes in the right preconditioner at each iteration.

This implementation allows a left preconditioner M and a flexible right preconditioner N. A situation in which the preconditioner is "not constant" is when a relaxation-type method, a Chebyshev iteration or another Krylov subspace method is used as a preconditioner. Compared to GMRES, there is no additional cost incurred in the arithmetic but the memory requirement almost doubles. Thus, GMRES is recommended if the right preconditioner N is constant.

Input arguments

• A: a linear operator that models a matrix of dimension n;
• b: a vector of length n.

Optional argument

• x0: a vector of length n that represents an initial guess of the solution x.

Keyword arguments

• memory: if restart = true, the restarted version FGMRES(k) is used with k = memory. If restart = false, the parameter memory should be used as a hint of the number of iterations to limit dynamic memory allocations. Additional storage will be allocated if the number of iterations exceeds memory;
• M: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for left preconditioning;
• N: linear operator that models a nonsingular matrix of size n used for right preconditioning;
• ldiv: define whether the preconditioners use ldiv! or mul!;
• restart: restart the method after memory iterations;
• reorthogonalization: reorthogonalize the new vectors of the Krylov basis against all previous vectors;
• atol: absolute stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• rtol: relative stopping tolerance based on the residual norm;
• itmax: the maximum number of iterations. If itmax=0, the default number of iterations is set to 2n;
• timemax: the time limit in seconds;
• verbose: additional details can be displayed if verbose mode is enabled (verbose > 0). Information will be displayed every verbose iterations;
• history: collect additional statistics on the run such as residual norms, or Aᴴ-residual norms;
• callback: function or functor called as callback(solver) that returns true if the Krylov method should terminate, and false otherwise;
• iostream: stream to which output is logged.

Output arguments

• x: a dense vector of length n;
• stats: statistics collected on the run in a SimpleStats structure.

Reference

• Y. Saad, A Flexible Inner-Outer Preconditioned GMRES Algorithm, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 14(2), pp. 461–469, 1993.

solver = fgmres!(solver::FgmresSolver, A, b; kwargs...)
solver = fgmres!(solver::FgmresSolver, A, b, x0; kwargs...)

where kwargs are keyword arguments of fgmres.

Note that the memory keyword argument is the only exception. It's required to create a FgmresSolver and can't be changed later.

See FgmresSolver for more details about the solver.